Titanium is a metal in group IVB of the periodic table with atomic number 22, an atomic weight of 47.90, a density of 4.54 Mg/m3, and a melting point of 1670 C.

The electronic configuration of Titanium is: (Ar)(3d)2(4s)2, and its atomic radius is 0.147 nm.

At room temperature Titanium has the hcp structure (a), it undergoes a polymorphic transition to the bcc structure (b) at 828 C. Alloying elements such as aluminium and vanadium can change the temperature range in which these two forms are stable. The photograph shows an a-b Ti-6Al-4V alloy in which both a and b phases are present at room temperature. The 6-weight % aluminium stabilizes the a phase and the 4-weight % vanadium stabilizes the b phase.

E = 110 GPa, s_y = 500 MPa, UTS = 600 MPa, 

K_1c = 45 MPa m^0.5

Thermal expansion coefficient = 9.1 x 10^-6 /K, and

• High strength: High strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance are some of the properties that make titanium alloys attractive. The density of titanium alloys is usually about 4.51g/cm3, only 60% of that of steel. The strength ratio (strength/density) of titanium alloy allows the production of parts with high unit strength and lightweight. For example, the most commonly used Gr5 alloy has a specific strength of > 200MPa (g/cm3), which is higher than other industrial pure metals and is a good material for the manufacture of load-bearing structural parts. Titanium alloy car parts can not only reduce the mass of the car but also reduce the motion inertia. Titanium alloy is used for engine parts, skeleton, skin, fasteners and landing gear.
  
• Good Heat Resistance: Due to its high thermal strength, titanium alloy pipes can work in environments as hot as 450℃ ~ 650℃ for a long time, Gr5 alloy tensile strength can reach 620MPa at 400℃, is used to manufacture part of the aerospace high-temperature structural parts. Compared with aluminium alloy, which is also a “space metal”, titanium alloy can still maintain the required strength at moderate temperature, while aluminium alloy decreases significantly at 150℃.
• Good Corrosion Resistance: One of the biggest advantages of titanium is that it is non-corrosive. The metal is not affected by high temperatures, and this makes it ideal for oil-field equipment. Titanium alloys are particularly resistant to pitting, acid, and stress corrosion, and it has excellent resistance to alkali, chloride, chlorinated organics, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The corrosion resistance of titanium and titanium alloy is better than aluminium and magnesium, and even better than stainless steel in some environments. It is a good material for the corrosion of high-temperature exhaust gas containing hydrogen sulfide, is an ideal material for the manufacture of petrochemical pipelines, vehicle exhaust tubing and so on.
• Power: One of the built-in advantages of Titanium is its strength. It is one of the planet’s most sturdy and durable metals; therefore, it is helpful in various manufacturing applications. Titanium has the highest strength-to-density ratio of any metallic element on the periodic table, attesting to its advantages. Titanium (unalloyed) competes with steel in terms of strength, but it is less dense and is considered the most popular choice for several professionals.

Titanium’s primary disadvantage from a manufacturing and engineering perspective is its high reactivity, which means that it has to be managed differently at all stages of its production. Impurities introduced during the Kroll process, the VAR or the machining process were once almost impossible to remove. It is not suitable for high temperatures that range above 400 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, Titanium loses its strength. Also, Titanium is usually more expensive than other metals such as steel, iron, and aluminium.

• High Cost: One of the primary disadvantages of titanium is its high cost. Titanium is significantly more expensive than other metals, such as steel, aluminium, and copper. This high cost can make titanium prohibitively expensive for many applications..
• Difficult to Work With: Titanium is also difficult to work with, due to its hardness and strength. This difficulty can lead to increased production costs and longer production times. Additionally, titanium is difficult to weld, which can limit its use in certain applications.
• Corrosion Resistance Issues: While titanium is resistant to corrosion, it is not immune to it. Titanium can corrode over time in some environments, such as salt water. This corrosion can weaken the metal and cause it to fail prematurely.
• Limited Availability: Another disadvantage of titanium is its limited availability. Titanium is not abundant on Earth, making it a scarce resource. This scarcity can lead to higher prices and supply issues.
• Environmental Concerns: The mining and production of titanium can also have negative environmental impacts. The mining of titanium ore can damage the environment and pollute water supplies. Additionally, the production of titanium dioxide, a common pigment used in paint and cosmetics, can release harmful chemicals into the air